(December 16, 1928 – August 4, 2011)
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Early life
White was born in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania but moved to and grew up in Englewood, New Jersey.[4] His father was a certified refrigeration engineer who supported the family while also taking night classes.[4] In the fall of 1943, White began entered Lincoln High School as a freshman.[5] After one year, however, he transferred to Dwight Morrow High School as a 6 ft 5 in (1.96 m) sophomore and immediately became the star basketball player under coach Tom Morgan.[4] He felt close to Morgan, would follow his directions well and always heeded his advice.[4] As a senior in 1946–47, White guided Morrow High to an undefeated season (28–0) and a Northeastern High School championship, scored a then-New Jersey prep record of 49 points in a single game, and was a unanimous first team all-state selection.[4]Academically, Sherman White was a rather poor student and graduated 230th in a class of 263 students.[4] However, he had an innate ability to recall the names and statistics of the leading college basketball players in the country.[4] Although athletic scholarships were being offered, some of the schools that showed initial interest became weary of his grades and rescinded their offers, such as Duquesne University.[4]
College
When White was deciding on which college to attend, he sought advice from Morgan. As a Villanova University graduate, Morgan pushed White to attend because he felt that the Wildcats were a good fit. Not wanting to displease his coach, a man White both respected and trusted, he agreed.[4]Villanova
In the fall of 1947, Sherman White matriculated at Villanova University. It did not take long for him to rethink his decision to attend. Villanova was a Catholic school, and at the time no other African Americans were in attendance.[4] White did not feel comfortable. Additionally, the physical education major that he had been promised was not even an option. In his six months at the school, White received two Cs, two Ds and one F before dropping out and moving back to Englewood.[4]Long Island
Shortly after returning home, Long Island University (LIU) head coach Clair Bee contacted White for a second time. He asked him if he was still interested in playing, and after a conversation Bee "permitted" White to play in a scrimmage with the LIU varsity team.[4] Despite having never competed against such a group of accomplished players, White stood out as the best player among them.[4] He was offered a scholarship, and in February 1948 he joined the LIU freshman team for the remainder of the near-to-end season.White's varsity career started inauspiciously, and it was not until the ninth game of his sophomore season that he earned the starting job.[4] His playing time increased and so did his productivity. Although he deferred to teammates more than should have, White still managed to average 9.4 points per game (ppg) for the season. The following year as a junior (1949–50), White exploded onto the national scene. He averaged over 22 ppg, was named a Consensus Second Team All-American, was named the New York Metropolitan Area's top player by receiving the coveted Haggerty Award, and led the Blackbirds to a berth in the 1950 National Invitation Tournament. On February 28, 1950, White set still-standing LIU single game records of 63 points and 27 field goals made against John Marshall College.[6]
Midway through his junior season, White began to notice that several of his teammates, especially Gard, had been having consistently "off" games.[2] On January 17, 1950, in a 55–52 loss to N.C. State, White had noticed Gard was "giving me some bad passes."[2] At the time, White did not know about, nor was participating in, the point shaving scandal. Only three players—Gard, Adolph Bigos and Dick Fuertado—were purposely trying to lose games.[2]
By the time White's senior season rolled around in 1950–51, he knew about and was participating in the scandal.[2] In a March 22, 1998 interview with The New York Times, White said,
"After that N.C. State game, Eddie Gard befriends me. We sat down and started talking. He brought in Bigos and Fuertado. He gave me the same old story: 'We control the game. We're good enough to beat these guys anyway and we can make some money. They ain't giving you no money here at L.I.U.' The same old story. We can control the game and nobody will get hurt except the gamblers. Now I'm one of the guys. Peer pressure."[2]Not wanting to be the odd man out and having succumbed to peer pressure, in addition to wanting to provide money for his poor family, White agreed to either mess up point spreads while winning, or lose games outright, during his senior year.[2][7]
Point shaving scandal
Eddie Gard had been contacted by Salvatore Sollazzo, the man responsible for operating the point shaving scandals at several New York City schools between the late 1940s and 1951 (City College of New York, Manhattan College, New York University and Long Island University).[2][7] Sollazzo was a 45-year old jeweler and gambler who had spent five years in prison during the 1930s.[2] Gard's family was poor and he did not want to give up a steady income of cash, which amounted to $1,000 per player per thrown game.[7] The original LIU players involved were Gard, Bigos and Feurtado. Eventually White and LeRoy Smith joined.Toward the end of White's junior season he had participated in two fixes. The first was an 83–65 loss to Cincinnati, and the other was the first round in the 1950 NIT. Syracuse beat LIU 80–52, although White admitted that they were beaten soundly enough that the fix did little to decide the outcome.[2]
In the early stages of the 1950–51 season, LIU players won several games that were kept close on purpose to mess up the point spreads:[2]
- December 2 – Favored by 7½ points over Kansas State (won by one, 60–59)
- December 7 – Favored by 4 over Denver (won by two, 58–56, in double overtime)
- December 25 – Favored by 11 over Idaho (won by two, 59–57)
- January 4 – Favored by 8 over Bowling Green (won by six, 69–63)
Sherman White, along with teammates Bigos and Smith, disregarded Sollazzo's intended fix for a game played on January 16 against Duquesne. The three combined for 64 points as the Blackbirds downed the Dukes, 84–52.[2] Sollazzo supposedly lost a $30,000 bet because of it and threatened White for it to never happen again.[2]
Getting caught
On February 18, several CCNY players that had just gotten off of a train at Penn Station after playing in Philadelphia that night were arrested. Police and detectives had researched and followed the previous several years' games and the CCNY players, respectively, that led to their arrests.[2] Two days later, police arrested Sherman White at the Carlton YMCA in Brooklyn. White later said, "I knew it was a matter of time. I was in a fog. As far as I was concerned, my life was shot."[2] Bigos and Smith were also arrested that day.[3]Aftermath
Judge Saul Streit presided over the entire case involving all of the schools.[3] When deciding all of the players' fates, Streit was noticeably hard on White.[2][4] Although Eddie Gard was the primary catalyst for LIU's involvement in the gambling and point shaving, White was the only player from Long Island University to be handed more than a suspended sentence.[3] While five other players indicted from LIU got off relatively easily, White was handed a 12-month sentence to serve in Rikers Island, the main prison in New York City typically used for rehabilitation of hardened criminals (he ended up serving 8 months and 24 days).[2][4][9] Additionally, he and all of the other players involved in the scandal were banned from ever playing in the NBA. White recalled his feelings of the stiff sentence handed down by Judge Streit:
"To this day, I believe there was some kind of collaboration between my lawyer and the prosecution. Riker's [sic] Island was supposed to have been built for rehabilitation, but it was the worst place in the world for a kid to try and straighten out his life. I often wonder why I never came out of there a criminal. With all the characters and perverts I met, it certainly would have been the easy way to go."[4]Years later, White, along with others, wondered if racism played a role in the harsh punishment. However, White admitted that he did not possess the necessary respect or humility in the courtroom that was probably necessary for the situation.[2][4][9]
The man who started the whole gambling scandal, Salvatore Sollazzo, served 12 years in prison and was handed a $1,128,493 lien for evasion of taxes.[10] One positive thing to come of the scandal, a journalist for TIME wrote in the March 5, 1951 issue, was the awareness of how much influence the game had over gambling and illicit money-making ventures, which got the ball rolling to clean not just college basketball, but all college sports across the country.[10]
Career statistics
Sherman White played during the era before many of the basketball statistics that are kept today were recorded, such as rebounds, assists, blocks, steals and turnovers.| Sherman White Statistics at LIU[6][9][11] | |||||||||||||||||||
| Year | G | FG | FGA | PCT | FT | FTA | PCT | REB | AVG | A | TO | B | S | MIN | PTS | AVG | |||
| 1947–48 | |||||||||||||||||||
| 1948–49 | 30 | N/A | N/A | N/A | N/A | N/A | N/A | 281 | 9.4 | ||||||||||
| 1949–50 | 25 | 204 | 465 | .438 | .692 | N/A | N/A | N/A | N/A | N/A | N/A | 551 | 22.0 | ||||||
| 1950–51 | 22 | N/A | N/A | N/A | N/A | N/A | N/A | 603 | 27.7 | ||||||||||
| Totals | 77 | N/A | N/A | N/A | N/A | N/A | N/A | 1,435 | 19.8 | ||||||||||
Legacy
Sherman White was a can't-miss pick in the upcoming 1951 NBA Draft[9] and the New York Knicks were going to select him as their territorial pick.[9] They were ready to pay him approximately $12,000 to $13,000, a very large amount in 1951. However, shortly after he was sent to prison, he was banned from ever playing in the NBA, along with all of the other players involved in the scandal.[2]Due to the lifelong ban from playing in the NBA, White will mostly be remembered as one of the best players in college basketball history whom no one ever saw play professionally. In 2007, TheDraftReview named him as its first "Honorable Draftee," acclaiming him as "the best basketball player you never knew" and "perhaps the best (college) player in New York history."[9] It can only be speculated that if White had been allowed to play in the NBA, he may have been the piece needed for the Knicks to win the 1952 and 1953 NBA Finals rather than lose them both to the Minneapolis Lakers.[2] In 1984, Madison Square Garden named White to its all-time college basketball team.[12]
Later life
After White served his sentence at Rikers Island he played in the Eastern Professional Basketball League on the weekends. He played for the Wilkes-Barre Barons and Hazleton Mountaineers for nine years while simultaneously selling storm windows, automobiles and liquor.[2] Sherman married twice, and with his second wife Ellen they raised six children.[2] He also coached basketball at the Newark and East Orange YMCAs in New Jersey.Home Box Office (HBO) wanted to interview him for a feature length documentary on the college basketball scandal of 1951 called City Dump: The Story of the 1951 CCNY Basketball Scandal, but he refused.[2] White was upset that HBO had also wrongly claimed that part of the reason for his harsher punishment compared to the other players was that he had a juvenile criminal record, which he claimed was not true.[2]
White died on August 4, 2011 in Piscataway, New Jersey of congestive heart failure.[1][12]
